Is it correct to claim that the study of politics constitutes a Essay

Is it right to guarantee that the investigation of legislative issues comprises a science Discuss concerning contextual analysis inquire about - Essay Example d the different investigations concerning man and his diverse exercises like way of thinking, financial aspects, regular sciences, history, brain research and obviously legislative issues. The Renaissance saw the enquiring brains of Europe and no uncertainty prior, where exceptional societies existed (pre-renaissance), digging into concentrates in different controls that were dissected and recorded, until the last 50% of the nineteenth century and the beginning of the twentieth century saw the push towards making investigations of most teaches exact, implying that data must be picked up by understanding, perception or experiment2. Studies directed needed to follow certain set rules and estimations to be substantial. In the advanced state, for appropriate arranging, such was the interest. Numerous North American political specialists, quite Jon R Bond, accept that a ‘hard study of political behaviour’ is conceivable and somebody would go along and accomplish for political theory what Newton has accomplished for physics3. In an article regarding this matter by James W. Skillen, he cites Bond as saying that, ‘the start of logical enquiry is the reality/esteem dichotomy’ and that ‘the center objective of logical strategies is speculation trying and hypothesis fabricating that would yield quantifiable results’4. To be sure, one can't debate the way that without such exact investigations, as far as legislative issues, financial aspects, human science and regular sciences among others, that arranging commissions of different specialists worldwide would have been fruitful in the usage of their projects. A significant part of the created and creating world depends on these examinations to actualize improvement programs with a view to pre-empting disappointment. Measurements, target information, all accurate and unmistakable principle the day. Be that as it may, the topic of how exact we are, the point at which the human component is included is an inquiry for banter. Here is a control that is reliant on such a large number of notions of man. Kenneth Minogue, in his book Politics, appropriately typifies this when he

Mrketing Strtegy of Ford Compny Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Mrketing Strtegy of Ford Compny - Case Study Example Tht's some uplifting news in the blend of our business, Ford's sles nlyst George Pips sid yesterdy. Passage Motor is the second lrgest utomotive compny on the planet nd the most trnsntionl of ll uto mkers. It hs opertions in more thn 200 nations nd domains, utilizing session 350,000 laborers (Schnpp, Cssettri, 2004) Historiclly, Ford looked to contend ginst the business' leder, Generl Motors, by incresing its essence in outside mrkets. Portage's Interntionl utomotive Opertions co-ordintes ctivities in twenty-six nations assembled in three principl locales (Europe, Ltin meric, nd si Pcific). In the lte 1970s, Ford created outside the United Sttes hlf of its overall vehicle creation - compred with GM's one-fourth. The Ford Motor Co. hs lso been leder in presenting or rpidly dopting technologicl innovtions in the business. Henry Ford, the author nd leader of the compny, is considered the fther of mss creation. In the troublesome decde of the 1980s, Ford demonstrated its cpbility to rpidly dopt the Jpnese arrangement of creation nd to move fster thn ny other uto mker in looking for the integrtion of its opertions on globl bsis. The compny ws lso pioneer in the interntionliztion of creation, s it ws the first to open n ssembly plnt in Cnd (1904), in Mexico (1925), nd in mny different nations. Histori clly, the compny hs hd leding job in creating n utomotive cpbility in those nations, nd its strtegies hve been chrcterized by its responsiveness to locl government demnds nd its reltively significant levels of fare ctivity. 2. Politicl fctors to consider in building Mrketing strtegy of Ford Motor Politicl fctors such s US government strategies of irregular mediation in the business help to sabotage the degree of rivalry in the US utomobile industry. The dversril reltionship between government nd business in the United Sttes tht developed in the mid-1960s ws established on the hidden strain which existed between the neo-clssicl model or belief system tht shped US government strategies towrd the utomobile business nd the arrangement of mngeril cpitlism bsed on lrge, oligopolistic corportions. During the 1960s, nd reacting to developing open wreness on sfety nd fuel emanations, the US government incresed nd adjusted its types of intercession in the utomobile business. Prior to the 1960s, US government mediation in the utomobile business ws discontinuous nd inconstnt, s times of mellow help nd benevolent disregard hve lternted with times of savage investigation nd shrp intercession (Dyer et l. 2001:45). Most government approaches ffecting the business re not shped by the basic belief system of lissez-fire, which advocated government mediation just when there were solid demnds by ground-breaking monetary or socil ctors to do as such, or when it ws supported to address mrket filure (Gilpin

The Difference between Microeconomics and Macroeconomics

The Difference between Microeconomics and Macroeconomics The words Microeconomics and Macroeconomics sound almost the same, but if you ever wondered what the difference between these two words is â€" continue reading.This guide will breakdown both micro and macroeconomics and will discuss their interdependency, as well as their effects on decision-making.Microeconomics and macroeconomics are the two branches of the study of Economics.So, let us firstly look at their root â€" Economics.Economics is part of our everyday lives since it influences every aspect of our living including the price of goods and services we utilize regularly.The economic status of a given country directly affects the livelihoods of its citizens starting with their incomes and narrowing down to their business operations.For instance, economic factors like hyperinflation and unemployment directly affect the country’s finances and growth that is evident in the lives of the common citizens.Economics has embedded its roots deeply into our lives, and its core discipline s are Microeconomics and Macroeconomics.These two can be confusing at a first glance.However, you will soon get to know and understand what exactly makes them different.MICROECONOMICS VS. MACROECONOMICSThe remarkable difference between Microeconomics and Macroeconomics is evident in how their prefixes take two different dimensions in regards to their meaning.The word “micro” carries the meaning “small”.Therefore, Microeconomics is defined as the study of individuals, firms or household’s behavior in regards to decision-making and the allocation of resources.It focuses on economic issues at an individual, company or group level.Microeconomics digs deep to find out what factors influence peoples’ choices, and hence the impact of these choices on the general market in terms of price, demand, and supply of goods and services. On the other hand, Macroeconomics just as the name suggests (“macro” which means “big/large”) studies the structure, performance, behavior, and the decision-making process of an economy as a whole.It is majorly concerned with the aggregate economic changes that include factors like the national output, inflation, changes in unemployment, gross domestic product (GDP) and national income. Owing to the complex world we live in, the economic changes in one way or another affects each individual.The economy plays a critical role of providing people with jobs, business opportunities, and many other life demands, so you can use the earnings you get to access goods and services you need to survive and be productive in the modern society.Consequently, the study of macroeconomics is crucial in enabling us better understand the factors that lead to the growth of our economy, and vice versa (the economy’s contraction).Economic growth contributes to improved living standards while its contraction leads to poor living standards.Macroeconomics deals with regional, national, and global economies. It comprehensively analyses all the aggr egate factors including microeconomics, to aid the national decision-making processes.For instance, the Government utilizes macroeconomics in the formulation of economic policies as well as in controlling the economic fluctuations; which if not controlled may lead to capitalism.Macroeconomic policies include Government’s borrowing and spending, taxes, exchange rate determinants, monetary and credit rules. Now that you are familiarized with the two disciplines, let us carry on.The formulation of economic policies is made easier by the macroeconomic principle of economics.Nevertheless, it does not apply smoothly without any hitches.WHAT ARE THE CHALLENGES IN THE FORMULATION OF MACROECONOMIC POLICIES?Every policy-maker/Government would wish to be able to control all the factors that influence the process of formulating good macroeconomic policies.There are certain economic factors that should be aligned in order for the country and its citizens to secure benefits such as striking the balance of payments equilibrium, economic growth in terms of real income levels, high and stable employment levels, stable price levels (hence curbing inflation), and the aggregate increase in national output.However, this is not always possible due to numerous reasons like:Political instability â€" it is impossible to provide a single factor in the evaluation of policies since numerous issues like political instability may lead to reverse of the already planned and declared Government’s economic agendas.Incomplete policies â€" there are no completely formulated policies to help propel the macroeconomic objectives (like stable income rates, and stable employment) considering that economists are still in the process of analyzing and establishing all of these policies.Unsuccessful policy implementation â€" economists only offer advice on the viability of given policies but the implementation process is solely undertaken by the policy-makers.Limitations in policy implementation â€" in some countries like the United Kingdom, the macroeconomic policies are not solely controlled by the Government but are also determined by the private sector. A good example being the employment sector (which may include international organizations), hence the restricted freedom in the implementation of the Government’s policies. This is so considering that the international policies have to be adhered to as well without any form of compromise.Setbacks in policy implementation â€" some macroeconomic policies implemented by the policy-makers may sometimes face a setback especially when it comes to monetary and fiscal policies implementation. For instance, the policy methods employed to solve issues like liquidity trap may prove to be ineffective hence requiring repeated attempts, which may lead to fast deterioration of the economy.THE INTERDEPENDENCY OF MICRO AND MACROECONOMICSAlthough the two disciplines of economics differ in their focus just as you have seen above, they remain related and dependent on one another.Let us kick off by looking at their roles in decision-making so that you may get to understand why these two principles go hand in hand. THE EFFECTS OF MICRO AND MACROECONOMICS IN DECISION-MAKING It is obvious that when you make decisions concerning your business, you have to consider several factors that include the environment you operate/intend to operate in, the economic status of your country, and even the one of the world at large.This clearly shows the interdependency of these two disciplines.For better understanding, let us break this further to a simple life scenario of decision-making.So, how do Microeconomics and Macroeconomics affect your decision-making process?Have in mind that Microeconomics entails all the local factors while Macroeconomics deals with national and international economic factors.a) Macroeconomics and decision makingAnalysis of your economic environment is crucial when it comes to starting a business and ensuring t he smooth operation of your business.Nevertheless, it is important to note that factors like high rates of unemployment, bankruptcies, and many others, also play a key role in the determination of your customers’ purchase patterns â€" since these may make them become more cautious with their spending.Therefore, in order to make sound decisions in your business, you need to consider things like reducing your inventory budget or pursuing other more profitable ventures.b) Microeconomics and decision makingThe most difficult task in the world of business is the prediction of consumer tastes and preferences (even attempted to do so through interaction with the consumers and getting their feedback).A change in the consumer tastes and preferences may knock at your door when you least expect.This implies that as an entrepreneur, you need to get yourself equipped with the trending products and services and always monitor the latest market trends.Keeping yourself at per with the current mar ket trends enables you to tap into the incoming business due to satisfied customers.To achieve this, you not only need to analyze your economic business environment; but, also critically analyze your customers â€" as an environment that your business operates in.This is so considering that your customers’ needs are what propels your business forward.Always make your business decisions based on the changes in your customers’ expectations and needs.In most cases, customizing your services in line with customers’ lowered expectations may save you a great deal by cutting down your expenses.Note: It is important to note that exaggerated information about the economic environment that in most cases may be carried by the media sources may be misleading at times.As an entrepreneur, your small business is your micro-economy, so analyze it by looking at your profits, expenses, and sales turnover the same way you would do in a larger economy.Increased profits mean your business is better positioned to face the stiff competition or the tough economic conditions as may be propagated.All you need to do is to focus and not let any form of information influence your existing plans; that is in case your business has a consistent income. All the same, you may decide to add a new strategy to your existing ones by providing more economical goods and services to your customers.Economic recession contributes to the low expenditures by consumers given that this is the period when most of them prefer to cut down on their expenses or otherwise resort to more economical products.The good news is that they do not stop buying, so strategize well in your business decisions and tap in these calculated purchases.You must have balanced decisionsYou can never go up against the force of gravity unless you put other mechanisms in place; like utilizing advanced technological equipment that gives you balance in the space.The same way, smart business decisions call for a balance between your understanding of the local and international economic trends and your customers’ interests.Striking this balance helps you maintain a profitable business.HOW MACROECONOMICS AND MICROECONOMICS APPLY TO OUR EVERYDAY LIVESAs you have seen above, these two disciplines â€"directly and indirectly â€" affect our daily lives in innumerable ways.Let us break down this matter further by first focusing on the principles or the basis on which these two disciplines work.The principles of microeconomicsIndividual consumer spending accounts for a greater part of the national economy.Before you make a decision to buy a given product, in most cases you will tend to consider a product that offers you maximum satisfaction even before you think about the price.Price comes as a second thought, but once you find out the price, you may now want to settle for an alternative product because the choice you prefer is out of your reach â€" due to limited resources.Your choice to have what offers you maximum satisfaction is known as utility, which is one of the basic principles of microeconomics.Considering the scarcity of resources, most people in most cases have limited resources with an unlimited list of wants, and so because you cannot get everything you need/want with the limited resources at hand, it now becomes essential that you choose a product/service that seems to be of the bigger importance than the other products/services.The same applies to businesses, as businesses have limited time, finances and other resources, and hence have to make decisions that minimize their expenditure and maximize their profit.The act of settling on a given choice and foregoing the other is called an opportunity cost since an individual or business has to calculate first, the cost of foregoing the next best alternative.For instance, if you choose to use a bicycle to get to your office because you cannot afford the bus fare, you can no longer be able to redeem the lost time for cash.The wasted/lo st time is an opportunity cost. See more real-life examples of opportunity costs. Another principle of Microeconomics is the diminishing marginal utility. Going from an individual perspective, what offers you satisfaction today, may not offer the same level of satisfaction tomorrow.This implies that the more you utilize a product, the lesser satisfaction you get.For instance, if you take a bottle of chilled water because you want to quench your thirst, the level of satisfaction it will offer you when you drink in the first place will not be the same with the satisfaction level you get in the second time you take the water.In other words, your thirst for water would have decreased with the intake of the first bottle of water, and hence the reduced level of satisfaction when you take the second bottle.Individual decisions on given product choices also affect the market demand and supply of goods and services in the market. Market demand entails the aggregate demand for goods and servi ces while market supply refers to the aggregate supply of goods and services.The interrelation of demand and supply forces can be used to determine the prices of goods and services in a market.For instance, if the demand for certain commodities is higher than the supply of that particular commodity, then it becomes automatic that the commodity’s price will increase, and vice versa for a low demand scenario.You may want to know more about what demand and supply entail â€" check out this video: Renting an apartment vs. buying a homeTo help you understand better how microeconomics plays a key role in our everyday lives, we will review the logic behind renting an apartment or buying a home.Homes offer a perfect serene environment for one to unwind after all the day’s work, and it is everyone’s desire to own a home.However, several factors like cost may hinder one from realizing this dream and hence opt to rent an apartment.In most of the developed states, there is a limited supply of apartments that have been met by a high demand, and hence the price hikes.This literally depicts the effects of demand and supply mentioned earlier. Therefore, for you to decide on renting an apartment, you must have a budget that acts as the reference point concerning the type and standard of the apartment you would wish to stay in.At this point, your income becomes the determinant factor considering that you have to decide on how much to spend on the apartment, how much to spend on other basic needs, as well as how much to save.Thus, you’ll have to settle for what best suits your house rent allocation with consideration to factors like a good neighborhood, easy accessibility to social amenities, and many other factors that would make your life comfortable.In order to achieve most (if not all) of the above factors, you must have a set budget that offers you the best deal at an affordable price.But how can you land the best deal when the same apartments are in high demand and can be easily afforded by other people in need?Here, is where you have to forego or cut down on your expenditures on certain things like vacations or even entertainment in order for you to secure an apartment with the current market prices.The act of foregoing these events is known as the opportunity cost.In the same manner, landlords/landladies will always go for the best prices in order to realize great returns.However, in doing that, first, they will have to consider the current market prices as well as the demand for the apartments (and this is key when it comes to considering the location of the apartment).If the demand is higher than the supply, then this automatically implies that he/she will consider renting out the apartment at a very high cost.But, this only becomes possible after considering the market prices since setting higher prices than what her competitors offer may render her out of business.This is because consumers will go for similar houses but those that charge below the hiked prices.It is evident here that the landlords will also have to make pricing decisions based on the market prices, which in most cases is influenced by the demand and supply forces.Consider a different scenario whereby the property owner decides to lower the price below the set market prices. Potential house seekers will gladly occupy this apartment, but the property owner, on the other hand, will be missing out on a significant amount of income, and hence not maximizing utility.The owner will have to set prices in accordance with the current market rates in order to realize maximum income. This implies that both the apartment owner and the apartment seeker will have to make sound decisions in order to achieve maximum satisfaction considering the numerous challenges they may face.The illustration above implies that thousands of consumers and suppliers make regular decisions (both small and big) based on the principles of microeconomics.Consumers apply these principle s in all their purchase decisions while suppliers utilize the same principles in setting their price. Both decisions aim at achieving maximum satisfaction.2. Principals of MacroeconomicsAs you already know, macroeconomics is majorly concerned with the bigger picture of economic issues that defines our economic well-being.Given that macroeconomics deals with the general performance of a given nation’s economy, there are several major principles that take the center stage in determining a nation’s economic performance.They include productivity growth, inflation, and unemployment rates.People utilize macroeconomics in analyzing the behavior and the trends exhibited by these factors and hence are able to make sound economic decisions.The Government also utilizes macroeconomics to formulate policies. We will begin by looking at how these macroeconomic principles affect our daily lives.a. Productivity growth Productivity greatly defines the output of a nation in terms of goods and ser vices. High productivity rates are always associated with high living standards.This is so considering that the faster the rate of production, the faster the rate of development of a nation in the form of infrastructures like roads, real estates, availability of good health care, schools, and many others.High development rates also mean improved living standards given that people can comfortably own homes, cars, and many other luxurious things.An economy with zero growth rates will always call for the foregoing of other important economic issues in order to realize another beneficial factor.For instance, a slow productivity rate would mean that a Government postpones the execution of some of its crucial mandates like building and upgrading of health facilities instead of constructing roads.If you look at the two mandates of the Government, you realize that both of them are important in realizing the nation’s goal of growth and development.Therefore, the Government, for example â€" has to sacrifice the construction of roads for the development of the healthcare sector.b. The inflation rateHigh inflation rate means increased prices.When the rate of inflation goes up, it implies that you will have to spend more to buy the same product that you used to access at a lower price.This leads to a negative impact on your savings since you will have increased expenditures.But with this huge disadvantage, inflation also plays a fair game in rewarding borrowers â€" borrowers benefit a lot in times of inflation considering that it (inflation) redistributes income.The most devastating fact about inflation is that it increases uncertainty about the future, and hence it becomes difficult to make sound economic decisions.c. The unemployment rateMost economists consider unemployment as the most critical macroeconomic issue owing to its magnitude on the economic wellness of a given nation.High unemployment rates imply that most people will be living in poor conditions with no i ncome to cater for their bills (including hospital bills), and as a result, many would resort to criminal activities like robberies in order to satisfy their daily needs.Unemployment may also lead to depression because of psychological distress.Given that we utilize macroeconomics in every aspect of our lives as an individual, as a nation, and as the world, we will summarize its impacts on our daily lives as below:Macroeconomics aids the study of the economy as a whole. You get to understand the behaviors of the major economic factors using macroeconomics since its analysis helps you to understand better, how the economy functions.It is used to formulate the Government’s economic policy. Governments deal with millions and millions of people who have entrusted this same Government for all their economic needs. The Government acts on behalf of its citizens by shouldering all their economic concerns and hence providing effective solutions to these concerns. However, to address these issues (inflation, unemployment, highinterest rates); the Government has to employ the use of macroeconomics to achieve the desired results. For instance, considering that it deals with multitudes of people, the only way to establish their concerns is through macroeconomics that studies the economy as a whole, and hence helpful in addressing the economic concerns of multitudes.Macroeconomics is used to understand microeconomics. The two principles can be compared to a forest of trees, in that, Microeconomics represents a single tree in the forest while Macroeconomics represents the whole forest. This implies that by studying macroeconomics, you will get a deeper understanding of microeconomics as well. For instance, business theories are developed out of the analysis of numerous individual firms and hence coming up with a common factor/ behavior that cuts across all the firms, which now becomes the trend in the analysis of such similar scenarios.Macroeconomics is used in controlling economic fluctuations. The study, analysis, and understanding of the economic fluctuations can only be possible by the help of macroeconomics, owing to the fact that the aggregate consumption, investment, and savings in the economy must be taken into consideration, thus, making it possible to analyze the causes of these fluctuations. For instance, income fluctuations, general output fluctuations, as well as employment fluctuations hence able to come up with effective control measures.Macroeconomics is used in the study of National Income. Macroeconomics is crucial when it comes to ascertaining the growth level of a given nation that is mainly determined through the study and analysis of the nation’s national income. The study of a nation’s national income is made possible by macroeconomics. It is only through macroeconomics that we can gauge the peoples’ living standards in developing countries, hence able to discover the reasons for increased poverty and how these conditions can be improved.The performance of an economy. This economic discipline helps us utilize the Gross National Product/Income in the analysis of an economy’s performance over time through the comparison of production output of any given years, that is, the present year and the preceding year.Inflation. Macroeconomics helps us understand the effects of inflation and hence come up with effective measures to control it. Not only does macroeconomics aid our inflation analysis, but also aids the analysis and understanding of deflation. Owing to the magnitude of inflation and deflation factors on our economy, macroeconomics stands out as the only way to explore various mitigation measures in a bid to realize a stable economy.IN CONCLUSIONAs a consumer, Microeconomics principles become useful in ensuring that you make the right purchase decisions that will deliver maximum satisfaction to your needs.This also applies to companies considering that they have to make the right decisions when i t comes to the pricing of their supplies â€" as good pricing ensures maximum return on investment.As an entrepreneur/aspiring entrepreneur, you need to take all Macroeconomic factors into consideration in order to realize maximum profits.Your business is directly affected by the general economic status,Government policies and regulations, demand and supply factors, inflation, as well as the unemployment rate.Your customers’ expectations and changes in tastes and preferences greatly affect your business growth, so you have to strike a balance in your decisions and your customers’ expectations in order to maximize your profits.

The Lord Of The Screw And Northanger Abbey - 1635 Words

The Role of the Innocent Heroine in Turn of the Screw and Northanger Abbey The function of the innocent heroine in gothic literature is, primarily, to follow her curiosity into the deepest, darkest corners of an appropriate gothic setting, uncover some awful secret contained therein, and do a lot of running around in her nightgown to be saved at the appropriate moment by a strong, capable suitor. In both Northanger Abbey by Jane Austen, and The Turn of the Screw by Henry James this trope is challenged, with both books presenting us with a slightly different version of the gothic heroine. Northanger Abbey gives us Catherine Morland, with her own knowledge of the gothic genre through the books she has read herself, and a propensity for common sense over hysteria. This foreknowledge and self-awareness creates a very different heroine than the typical gothic damsel in distress, and allows for Jane Austen to explore and parody the gothic genre instead of adhering to its every rule. The Turn of the Screw gives us the governess, who appears at first to follow the gothic heroine trope; young and pure of heart and motive, but who must also fill the role of both innocent heroine and protective hero. As the story progresses, doubt begins to fall on the governess’ sanity and motives. This essay will compare and contrast the treatment of these two gothic heroines, explore the different ways the characters challenge the innocent heroine trope, and discuss the effect this has on the

King Of The Court Bill Russell And The Basketball...

King of the Court: Bill Russell and the Basketball Revolution brings a fresh perspective to the life of one of the National Basketball Association’s most iconic and prominent players of all time. Bill Russell is known for his tenacious and innovative style of basketball play, but rarely does his background get much attention. Aram Goudsouzian takes a detailed look into the life of 6’10† Bill Russell, making note of not only his authority on the court, but also his background, culture, and attitude off the court. The book captures the influential upbringing William â€Å"Bill† Felton Russell had and how the philosophies and culture he was immersed in shaped who he was. He grew up during the 1930s-1940s in West Monroe, Louisiana - a town that, at the time, had minimal blacks living there. While the town itself was relatively peaceful in terms of racial tension, surrounding areas did not adopt the same views. One day when Bill and his older brother Chuck were tossing pebbles at one another, a stray stone hit a passing car being driven by a white man. The man called Bill a â€Å"nigger† and threatened to hang him. As Bill recalls, â€Å"I ran off, half angry, half laughing.† This shows the almost humorous perspective some blacks during this time had about the â€Å"white power.† Often, there is a notion that blacks during the Jim Crow era were in constant fear of whites. While this was true, some blacks, such as the Russell family, opposed, laughed, and scoffed at this idea. Katie Russell,Show MoreRelatedBill Russell And The Civil Rights Movement Essay2437 Words   |  10 PagesOn May 6, 1999, Bill Russell, the man who redefineed the center by his unique shot-blocking, man-to-man defense and rebounding ability, and contributed to his team Celtics by his outstanding performance and remarkable leadership, finally attended his own retirement ceremony after 27 years of retirement. 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Shakespeare’s Early Life Free Essays

Although we have many records of his life as a citizen of Stratford, including marriage and birth certificates, little is known about William Shakespeare†s early life and formal education. Due to his success, many would assume that Shakespeare was born and raised in a wealthy noble family but he was actually raised in what would have been considered a middle class family in their time. He was born to middle class parents who lived in Henley Street, Stratford. We will write a custom essay sample on Shakespeare’s Early Life or any similar topic only for you Order Now His father, John, a local businessman made a living as a glove maker and owned his own leather shop. He was a well-known and much respected man that held several important local governmental positions including that of Borough ale-taster to bailiff, the highest public position of office in Stratford. William spent most of his childhood in the small English town of Stratford-upon-Avon. In the sixteenth century, the town was an important agricultural center and market place. â€Å"It is safe to assume that Shakespeare attended the local grammar school that was built and maintained expressly for the purpose of educating the sons of prominent citizens with the sons of burgesses attending free. â€Å"The King’s New School was staffed with a faculty of teachers who held Oxford degrees, and whose curriculum included mathematics, natural sciences, Latin language and rhetoric, logic, Christian ethics, and classical literature. â€Å"2 As well as a strong grounding at grammar school, the other significant educational opportunity afforded all middle-class Elizabethans was the mandatory attendance at church where they read either the Geneva or the Bishops’ Bible. The ‘Authorized† or King James Bible was not studied by William, as it was not published until the year 1611. Shakespeare did not continue his education and attend the university, since university education was reserved for prospective clergymen and was not a particularly mind-opening experience. However, the education he received at grammar school was excellent, as evidenced by the numerous classical and literary references in his plays. More impressive than his formal education, however, is the wealth of general knowledge exhibited in his works, from a working knowledge of many professions to a vocabulary that is far greater than any other English writer. William Shakespeare married his wife, twenty-six year old Anne Hathaway, at the age of eighteen. Their first daughter, Susanna, was baptized only six months later, which has given rise to much speculation concerning the circumstances surrounding the marriage. In 1585, twins, Hamnet and Judith Shakespeare, were born to the couple. Hamnet died at the young age of eleven by which time Shakespeare had already become a successful playwright. Around 1589, Shakespeare wrote his first play, Henry VI, Part 1. Sometime between his marriage and writing this play, he and his wife moved to London, where he pursued a career as a playwright and actor. In London, he formed an acting company in which he was shareholder, actor, and playwright. â€Å"1 In 1594 Shakespeare became a charter member of The Lord Chamberlain’s Men, a group of actors who later changed their name to The King’s Men when they gained the sponsorship of King James I. Just a few years later he was considered the â€Å"principal comedian† for the troupe and then later became the â€Å"principal tragedian. † Despite the fact that during this time acting and playwriting were not considered noble professions; successful and prosperous actors were relatively well respected. Shakespeare was, in fact, very successful in his career and he became quite wealthy in the process. He invested his money in Stratford real estate and was able to purchase the second largest house in Stratford, the New Place, for his parents. In 1596, Shakespeare applied for a coat of arms for his family, in effect making himself into a gentleman, and his daughters married successfully and wealthily. William Shakespeare lived until 1616 while his wife Anna died in 1623 at the age of sixty-seven. He was buried in the chancel of his church at Stratford. While Shakespeare is best known for his plays, he also wrote some of the most beautiful sonnets ever produced in the English language. â€Å"His sonnets employ-and occasionally mock-such traditional Petrarchan themes as blind devotion, the value of friendship, and love†s enslaving power. â€Å"1 Together Shakespeare†s plays and sonnets have had an enormous influence on the development on the Modern English language. More famous than his sonnets, Shakespeare†s plays constitute the most significant corpus of dramatic literature in the world. Secular drama was Renaissance England†s most original contribution to the humanistic tradition. Shakespeare took the plots for most of his plays from classical history, medieval chronicles, and contemporary romances, but he used such stories merely as springboards for the exploration of human nature-the favorite pursuit of all Renaissance humanists. â€Å"1 Love, sex, jealousy, greed, ambition, and self-deception are among the definitive human experiences Shakespeare examined in his plays. It can be concluded that Shakespeare†s drama is the first Western Literature to probe the psychological focus that motivates human action. His plays communicate a profound knowledge of the wellsprings of human behavior as revealed in his masterful characterizations of a wide gamut of humanity. The skillful use of poetic and dramatic means to create a unified aesthetic effect out of a multiplicity of vocal expressions and actions is recognized as an achievement unequaled in other literature. Finally, Shakespeare†s employment of poetry within the plays to express the deepest levels of human motivation in relation to individual, social, and universal situations is considered one of the most astounding accomplishments of the human intellect. How to cite Shakespeare’s Early Life, Papers

Inmate Rights in Americas System

Introduction Like other criminal justice systems around the world, America’s system has undergone significant changes to become what it is today. During the 19th century, the â€Å"hands-off doctrine† described the relationship between American courts and the correctional system of the country (Schmalleger Smykla, 2012).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Inmate Rights in America’s System specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Prisoners were largely viewed by the law as slaves of the nation, without human rights which take place today. Judges in the criminal justice department argued that prisoners lacked rights because of their criminal charges. As a result, courts took no responsibility in interfering with the management of prisons in order to avoid conflict of power between two state departments. Nonetheless, the â€Å"hands-off doctrine† did not last forever; it was changed in the second half of the 20th century after American courts were convinced that they had a responsibility in resolving several legal claims, which were being raised by inmates. Proponents also sought to challenge the constitution in ensuring that the voice of the inmates was heard, concerning their prison life. Through several amendments, the American courts today recognize the rights of prisoners even though they are limited as compared to those enjoyed by free citizens (Schmalleger Smykla, 2012). This paper discuses the rights of inmates in America as compared to those enjoyed by prisoners in other countries like the United Kingdom, and Canada. Inmate Rights in the United States Right to Free Speech American inmates have freedom of speech conceived in 1970. It requires justification as to why an inmate should be denied this right at any given moment. In regards to this, prisoners challenged the states’ censorship on mails in 1974 arguing that it was a move aimed at undermining their right to freedom of speech.Advertising Looking for research paper on criminal law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Even though this move was considered to be unconstitutional by the Supreme Court, it was ruled that inmates’ freedom could only be limited if it was a security threat to the state (Schmalleger Smykla, 2012). Additionally, the limitation can be justified only within the boundaries of protecting the interests of the federal government. Besides this, prisoners’ degree of association is limited by the activities of their labor union. This implies that inmates can only interact as directed by the union, which designs and executes prison activities. Access to Courts It has been argued that the right for an inmate to access courts during their prison life is very important and can be seen as the most essential right among others. This is supported by the Civil Rights Act of 1871, which has continuous ly served as the backbone of promoting inmates’ rights. Victory emanating from such lawsuits has also played a major role in ensuring that inmates are provided with a jailhouse lawyer, who offers any required legal advice (Schmalleger Smykla, 2012). In essence, a jailhouse lawyer is an inmate who advises other prisoners on various legal matters. Moreover, inmates have the right to access law libraries, which play a fundamental role in helping them to understand their rights as defined by the state. Knowledge obtained from these libraries is equally important in helping them to understand their criminal offenses, punishment, and court processes. Disciplinary Proceedings According to the 5th and 14th Amendments, all American citizens are guaranteed the due process. In this context, courts have the responsibility of putting in place relevant procedures to curb cases of inmates being deprived off their right of freedom. Similarly, inmates are supposed to have knowledge of the ch arges, before they appear in court for hearings. It is responsibility of the court to ensure that inmates are served with required notices early enough (Dervan, 2011).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Inmate Rights in America’s System specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Besides being notified, inmates have the right to invite witnesses during the hearings to witness in their favor as a way of convincing the court. Apart from this, American inmates have the right to be helped during the presentation of a defense in court proceedings. However, this does not compel the court to provide an attorney for the accused. They also have the right to support their evidence with written statements, which offer an explanation of the evidence. Equal Protection As stated under the Fourteenth Amendment, all citizens have equal protection of the laws of the state. Though this is the case, lawsuits against racial segre gation are common in the United States (Dervan, 2011). On the other hand, gender-based biasness occurs mainly in workplaces and educational centers, and most of the cases involve women, who are considered to be more prone than men. Throughout the implementation of the law that guarantees this right, courts have upheld that female and male inmates deserve equal privileges at any given moment. Right to Privacy Unlike other citizens, American inmates lack the Fourth Amendment right, which protects people against unfair search and seizure by security agents. As a result, correctional centers are allowed to monitor the movement of prisoners in cells and carry out searches that are not warranted. During Hudson v. Palmer (1984), the court upheld that prisoners did not have privacy coverage under the Fourth Amendment of the American law (Dervan, 2011).Advertising Looking for research paper on criminal law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More While this was the case, it had been argued that prisoners lacked entitlement to privacy because of security reasons, which demanded that inspections and searches were carried out randomly. Rights in Conflict Under this category of rights, there are cases of conflicting rights and interests. For instance, there have been lawsuits filed against correctional officers of the opposite sex observing inmates during a prison search. The conflict arises from the fact that inmates and correctional administrators have their legal rights (Dervan, 2011). For example, inmates are usually concerned about their privacy, while the officers have equal job opportunities in spite of their gender, while prison officials have been mandated to ensure that the correctional centers are safe. In some states, like Alabama, the court does not allow women to work in maximum-security centers to eliminate the risk posed by male inmates on female officers. Rights upon Release Though inmates may be set free accord ing to court procedures, they find it hard to fit back in the society because of legal obstacles. For instance, ex-convicts of murder are deprived of the right to vote or take specific job positions in certain fields. Moreover, civil death terminates all the civil rights, although there is no state in America, which uses the law. It has been argued that voter disenfranchisement is one of the worst penalties against former inmates (Schmalleger Smykla, 2012). As a result, there are millions of black ex-convicts who are not allowed to participate in any voting exercise. Inmate Rights in the United Kingdom Like the United States, England recognizes some rights for those people who are held in prisons because of different reasons. Some of these rights give details on how inmates can make complaints through the ombudsman and their accessibility to lawyers for the sake of making legal proceedings at any given moment. Reception Upon reception, the UK law allows prison officers to search al l inmates and take their photographs if it is necessary. Among other reasons, the search ensures that prisoners do not possess items, which are not permitted by the law. In order to enforce this, prisoners are usually given a list of items to go through upon arrival at any correctional center before signing it (Owers, 2010). Additionally, prisoners are not allowed to be in a possession of cash but rather pay it using account under the management of the governor. An information book is also given to all prisoners as a way of helping them to adapt to the new environment outside of the society. On the other hand, prison rules are only given to those who request them from prison officers. Access to Lawyers According to prison laws in the United Kingdom, inmates are allowed to be visited by their solicitors and even communicate with them. Importantly, a prisoner is free to contact the solicitor without necessarily contacting the prison authorities. Furthermore, complaints about prison li fe can only be revealed in public after the solicitor has legally advised the prisoner (Owers, 2010). The law was first applied by the European Court of Human Rights and the court took stern measures to avoid any interference. The right also guarantees inmates the confidentiality on any material, which prisoners are permitted to posses. Letters Prisoners are allowed to send a statutory letter in a week, whose payment is made and another privilege letter whose postage fee is paid with money, which is not directly drawn from the private cash allowance. It is worth noting that no correctional center is allowed to interfere with the statutory letter as a way of disciplining an inmate (Murray, 2011). In cases where inmates are granted special letters, it is essential to note that such letters are independent from existing privileges. Prisoners are also issued with a special letter, which allows them to settle their businesses in cases where they have been transferred to other centers or released. While these restrictions exist in correctional centers, all inmates in open prisons are free to send any number of letters without legal restriction. Moreover, un-convicted prisoners are allowed to pay for as many letters as they can even though they are also entitled to two weekly letters, which are paid by the prison (Murray, 2011). Censorship According to the law, mails are only opened in correctional centers holding high-risk inmates while other prisoners receive their mails without being opened by the facility authority. While this is the case, officials may check letters, which are sent by criminals convicted of sexual-related crimes. In terms of content, the governor may resend the letters to the initial correspondent if they are too long and beyond recommended length. The letters may also be resend if they are rejected by the prisoner, regarded as the addressee (Easton, 2008). Special requests and complaints are usually made by filling a general application form, a nd prisoners are allowed to contact their lawyers where it is necessary. Inmates who break prison rules go through disciplinary proceedings to determine their punishment. Either an independent adjudicator or a governor can hear and determine the case. Inmate Rights in Canada Like in the United States, early years saw Canadian prisoners suffer in the hands of courts due to the lack of recognition of their rights. In most cases, inmates had to clear their jail terms or willfully choose to die, without being granted a fair trial in court. In other words, inmates lost all their civil rights and survived at the mercies of the correctional center (Grossman Roberts, 2011). It was horrible for a person to be imprisoned since prison life was more horrifying than dwelling of beggars in the streets. As a result, prisoners were the most inferior members of the society. It is believed that this trend was adopted after a public outcry arguing that prisoners enjoyed life more than free and innoce nt citizens. It was therefore necessary for them to be deprived of their civil rights. However, the manner in which inmates are treated in Canada today has significantly changed, and people are guaranteed several civil rights, which are contained in the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms (Grossman Roberts, 2011). These rights are important in ensuring that procedural rights for inmates are upheld by the court and correctional centers. Among others, the charter guarantees inmates the freedom of religion, association, security, life, equality, liberty, and protection from detention. Timely and Fair Trial Like other citizens, inmates have the right for unbiased trial in a court of law within a reasonable time frame. This implies that impartial trial is not enough when the court takes unreasonable trial time that is almost equivalent to the jail term. However, it is worth noting that most judicial systems around the world experience slow processing of trials, thus detaining inmate s who end up winning their cases. Some legal experts have argued that there is a gap in the Canadian justice system, especially when referring to reasonable time of trial (Grossman Roberts, 2011). While this is the case, the system gives direction regarding the time within which certain actions are carried out. Most offences take a maximum of thirty days before being concluded while those that involve serious crimes may take between twenty three and forty one days. On the other hand, minor cases in which the accused is innocent may take a minimum of fourteen days before determination (Grossman Roberts, 2011). Like in America and the United Kingdom, Canadian law allows inmates to receive legal assistance and representation during court proceedings. The right to a defense ensures that the accused can defend himself through the assistance of the counsel. Nevertheless, prisoners do not have an automatic assurance of the counsel. Conclusion From the above discussion, it is evident that most countries transformed their criminal justice systems in order to protect the rights of inmates, which had not existed during the middle of the 20th century. America, the UK, and Canada have laws, which ensure that inmates are not deprived of certain rights in spite of their criminal records and current state. Common rights include right to life, protection, access to courts and protection against discrimination among others. However, the United Kingdom has more protection of inmates compared to America. As a result, British inmates enjoy more rights than their counterparts in the USA and Canada. Above all, rights of inmates cannot be equal to the rights of free citizens. References Dervan, E. (2011). American prison culture in an international context: an examination of prisons in America, the Netherlands, and Israel. Stanford Law Policy Review, 22(2), 413-428. Easton, S. (2008). Constructing Citizenship: Making Room for Prisoners’ Rights. Journal Of Social Welfare Fa mily Law, 30 (2), 127-146. Grossman, M., Roberts, J. (2011). Criminal Justice in Canada: A Reader. Connecticut: Cengage Learning. Murray, C. (2011). Playing for Time: Prisoner Disenfranchisement under the ECHR after Hirst v United Kingdom. King’s Law Journal, 22(3), 309-334. Owers, A. (2010). Prison Inspection and the Protection of Prisoners’ Rights. Pace Law Review, 30 (5), 1535-1547. Schmalleger, F., Smykla, J. (2012). Corrections in the 21st Century. New York: McGraw-Hill Companies. This research paper on Inmate Rights in America’s System was written and submitted by user Nightmare to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.